Barbie s Role Models Represent The Unobtainable Physique

Growing up, I played with Barbie. Barbie had her own house, car and airplane. She had clothes and shoes for every occasion. She was independent and successful. She was tall, blonde and beautiful. She was everything I hoped to be as an adult. Barbie continues to be a role model for many little girls today. Little boys have their own role model, G.I. Joe. He is strong, a warrior, the good guy. Unfortunately, these iconic role models represent the unobtainable physique. Their body shapes are unrealistic. Perceiving these toys as physical role models has become detrimental to the health of children because when they fail to size up, or down, to these figures, serious illnesses, disease and even death can occur. Children are†¦show more content†¦However, these measurements are based upon a woman with a height of 6’1†. When I was a child, some 40 years ago, the average height of a woman was approximately 5’3.5†, as determined by the Centers f or Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). That average height has not changed much through the decades. Today, it is approximately 5’4† (Ogden, 10). It should be noted, the average weight for a woman with a height of 5’4† ranges from 115 to 140 pounds, well above Barbie’s weight of 100 pounds at 6’1†. The average weight for a woman of Barbie’s height of 6’1† ranges from 145 to 190 pounds. Table 1. Barbie doll Real Life Measurements Barbie doll real life measurements Type of doll Modern Vintage Body shape: Super-skinny type of hourglass (explanation) Dress size: 0 0 Breasts-Waist-Hips: 32-22-33†³ (81-56-84cm) 35-22-32†³ (89-56-81cm) Bra size: 30B 32C Cup size: B C Height: 6’1†³ (185 cm) 6’1†³ (185 cm) Weight: Both about 100 lbs (45 kg) Natural breasts or implants? Could be natural (how do we know this?) Source: Barbie doll. Body Measurements. The South Shore Eating Disorders Collaborative (SSEDC), through the National Eating Disorder Association (NEDA), contradicted these findings and created the Get Real Barbie campaign based upon the writings of Margo Maine, Ph.D. They utilized Barbie’s measurements and related them to a human woman. Based upon a height of 5’9†, which is still well above the average, Barbie would have a waist of 18†,

The Dc Motor Speed Control Methods Engineering Essay Free Essays

Abstraction This paper describes the Matlab and simulink converts into actuality of the DC motor velocity control methods, viz. field opposition, armature opposition control methods and armature electromotive force, and feedback control system for DC motor thrusts and this paper describes mathematical modeling, simulation of DC motor system utilizing computing machine simulations Matlab and simulink, by this system response to alter assorted parametric quantities like system stableness, perturbations, analysis and optimisation of theoretical account parametric quantities with regard to the quality of control. If simulation techniques are used for finding the control parameters a simulation theoretical account is necessary, which has to be constructed from the analytical theoretical account. We will write a custom essay sample on The Dc Motor Speed Control Methods Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction DC Motor is an electrical motor and it most normally used in an electrical device for easy to drive the instruments, steel turn overing Millss, electric Cranes, and robotic operators due to precise, broad, simple, and uninterrupted control features. To command the velocity of low power DC Motor rheostatic armature control method were used. The basic parts of the DC motor are- axle, rotor ( armature ) , stator, commutator, field magnet, and coppices. In the geometry of coppices, commutator contacts, and rotor twists are arranged in such a mode so that when power is applied so mutual oppositions of the energized twist and the stator magnets are misaligned and the rotor will get down to revolve until it is about aligned with the stator ‘s field magnets. When the rotor reaches to alignment, the coppices move to following commutator contacts, and stimulate the following twist. There are variable types of DC Motor available in market with the good and bad qualities. Bad quality means slowdown in efficiency. To retrieve or halt this sort efficiency job accountant is introduce in the system. Brushed DC motors are most widely used in applications and its ranging from plaything to push-button adjustable auto seats. Brushed DC ( BDC ) motors are cheap but easy to drive. Brushed DC motors are easy available in all size and form with the broad scope from large-scale industrial theoretical accounts to little motors for light applications ( such as 12 V DC motors ) . . BDC motors are most normally used in easy to drive, with variable velocity and high start-up torsion applications. Aim The Fig.1 shows the parallels electrical circuit. Modeling The circuit which was given is drawn in the Matlab by utilizing simulink. In the circuit diagram the flow of current BLOCK DIAGRAM Figure shows the block diagram of DC motor TRANSFER FUNCTION K/ { ( Ls+R ) ( Js+f ) +K2 } i? ± 1/s Vapp Fig 4.1. Transfer Function State SPACE MODEL As we know that, V- .†¦ . ( 1 ) †¦.. ( 2 ) Substituting equation ( 2 ) in ( 1 ) †¦ †¦ . ( 3 ) †¦ .†¦ ( 4 ) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ( 5 ) Substituting ( 5 ) in ( 4 ) – †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( 6 ) Differentiating ( 6 ) , we get †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ( 7 ) Puting ( 3 ) in ( 7 ) , we get †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( 8 ) Now †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ( 9 ) Substituting ( 9 ) in ( 8 ) , we get We know that x=Ax + Bu Y=Cx + Du X= The State Space Model represents by the additive equation and it is written as. x= Ax + Bu Y = Cx + Du Below figure shows the province infinite theoretical account ( Calculation is in appendix ) Figure 5.1 State Space Model PHYSICAL System See a DC Motor, in this electrical circuit of the armature and free organic structure diagram of rotor are shown in figure below. hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/cms/images/devzone/tut/mpm-2-motor1.gif Fixture: – DC Motor is a common actuator in control systems. Brushed DC Motor basicss A Brushed DC Motor consists of stationary fixed lasting magnets i.e. stator, a revolving electromagnetic i.e. rotor and flux, which is concentrated by metal. Rotor rotate by the attractive force of the opposite poles and repulsive force of the similar poles, it cause to bring forth torsion and torque Acts of the Apostless on rotor and so do it turn. As the rotor start to revolve or turn so fixed coppices make and interrupt the contact in such a manner that with the revolving sections ( commuting ) . The rotor spiral of the brushed motor energized and de-energized in such a manner so that the rotor start to bends. By reassigning the power to the motor, current generate in rotor spirals and therefore the North and south poles are reversed and because of the motor change the way. From the Strength of the magnetic field, velocity and torsion of the motor depend Figure ( 1 ) Brushed DC Motor Principle OPERATION Construction and operation of the Brushed DC Motor is shown below in figure ( 2 ) .for the building of the BDC motor ever the same constituents are required i.e. Stator, rotor, commutator and coppice. Figure ( 2 ) Simple two-pole brushed DC Motor Stator The rotor surrounded by the stationary magnetic field which is generated by the stator and this filed is generated by the lasting magnet or electromagnetic twist. On the building of the stator, different types of BDC distinguish. Rotor Rotor is besides known as an armature and it is made up of one or more twists. Magnetic field is produce when they energized. When the opposite pole of the magnetic poles, pull to each other which is generated by the stator, and doing the rotor to turns. The opposite poles are ever pulling to each other. As the motor turns, the twists are being invariably energized. This divergence of the field in the rotor is called as an armature. Brushs and commutator There is no demand of accountant in BDC to exchange current in motor twist. The commuting twist of the BDC motor is done automatically. Reside on the axel of rotor there is a metameric Cu arms called commutator. Carbon brushes slides over the commutator coming in a contact with the different sections of the commutator as the motor starts to turn. When the electromotive force is applied across the coppices of the motor so dynamic magnetic field is generated inside the motor. Brushes and commutator are the most of import parts of the BDC motor that are most prone to have on because they are the skiding portion to each other. Speed Control The Speed of a DC Motor is straight relative to the electromotive force. By utilizing the digital accountant electromotive force can be control and to bring forth the mean electromotive force pulse-width modulated ( PWM ) signal is used. In motor there is a motor weaving which acts as a low base on balls filter so PWM develop a suited current in the motor twist. Advantage Cheap in monetary value because low cost of building. Widen a life by replacing a coppice. Cheap motor and simple control. Speed/Torque is normal at high velocity. On fixed velocity no control is required, Controller is required merely at variable velocity in this status same accountant can be used. Disadvantage Care is required for brushed DC Motor because of coppice. If the coppice clash additions, cut down the utile torsion. Heat dissipation is hapless because of internal rotor building. Speed scope is limited because of the mechanical restriction on coppices. Life is besides shorter. Noise is generated due to brush. Application illustrations: traveling playthings, fans, pressmans, automatons, electric motorcycles, -doors, -windows, -sun roofs, -seats, sociables, nutrient processors, can openers, liquidizers, vacuity cleaners, toothbrushes, razors, java bombers, etc. Physical Parameters Moment of inactiveness of the motor ( J ) = 9.89 E-7 kilogram Nm s/rad Muffling ratio of the mechanical system ( B ) = 5.84E-7 Nm s/rad Electromotive force or motor changeless ( K=Ke=Kt ) = 0.008 Nm/-w Electric opposition ( R ) = 0.80 ohms Electric induction ( L ) = 0.00041H Friction coefficient, degree Fahrenheit Input ( V ) : Beginning Voltage Output ( theta ) : place of shaft the rotor and shaft are assumed to be stiff Decision Brushed DC motors are really simple to utilize and easy to command, which makes them a short design-in point. PIC microcontrollers, particularly those with CCP or ECCP faculties are ideally suited for driving BDC motors. Refference hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wiringdiagrams21.com/2009/09/26/circuit-diagram-for-dc-motor-control-by-a-collins hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nxp.com/documents/application_note/AN10513.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/AppNotes/00905a.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.orientalmotor.com/MotionControl101/AC-brushless-brushed-motors.html hypertext transfer protocol: //ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/AppNotes/00885a.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dynetic.com/brushless % 20vs % 20brushed.htm file: ///D: /matlab/index.php.htm How to cite The Dc Motor Speed Control Methods Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Financial Management Theory and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Financial Management for Theory and Practice. Answer: Introduction: It is better to disclose things that may affect the decision of the shareholders than to keep relevant information from them (Libby et. al, 2011). Therefore, we would say that it would be beneficial for the companies to provide additional voluntary disclosures in the financial statements. The prepares of the report need to make decision as to what is to be reported, how much is to be reported, how is it to be reported in order to make the disclosures useful. The report below will provide us more detailed information on disclosures; there requirement, importance, and other factors in the financial report (Melville, 2013). The concept of encouraging a transparent and straightforward communication between the preparers of financial statements and users are already a worn idea. The stakeholders require information in the footnote that helps them in making decisions, less needless and is organised in a better manner. Many professionals including the investor Advisory Committee of FASB recommend that the directors should focus on overloaded disclosures and important matters. There are a lot of difference of opinions that arise among the investors and the management of the company over certain matters mentioned in the financial report. In order to remove this ambiguity and confusion, the accounting boards all the world have to take steps, in order to simplify the content of the financial reports. The main objectives of financial reporting include the following: To provide information required to the users of the financial report. The information available in the financial reports is used for a number of purposes. These reports are used to make important decisions such as if to or not to provide credit to a buyer, the liquidity of the borrower, invest in the company or not, etc. As said by Deggan (2011) there is plenty of utilization of the financial report. Not only it helps in taking a correct decision but also help in various other tasks like ratio analysis, fundamental analysis, etc. When information is available, it helps to provide concrete information and leads to a strong decision-making. The plain language should be understood by a layman. Simple language ensures that the user of the financial statement can understand it with ease and flexibility. The reports also provide information about the cash flow of the entity like the timing and the sources of these cash flows (Mark Michael, 2016). This information is crucial when it comes to taking of decision for long term or investment. This information about the cash flow is important in order to determine the liquidity of the company, which can also be used to analyse the going concern assumption of the entity (Bence Nadine, 2012). Reports display important data such as the resources, assets owned by the entity. The changes in these assets and liabilities affect the working of the entity as a whole. Therefore, the report helps to keep a check and helps in knowing the differences and pattern of disclosures. This information related to an entity is required in order for it to operate efficiently in the capital markets. In addition, the Financial Accounting Standards Board realised that the creditors and the investors are the main users of these reports, so the information should be available in them in a comprehensive manner such that it assists them in making the required decision. In the absence of any information, the company might be neglected and hence absence of disclosure can be seen as a major block in the operation of the company. These decisions are highly based on the company performance and cash flows, which is available in these financial reports. Therefore, the disclosures play a very important role, in explain, and provide details to the users regarding the financial status of the company. In order to maintain the financial stability, three authorities were formed by the UK regulatory system. These were Bank of England, (FSA) Financial Services Authority, and the Treasury. Due to the prevalence of poor zones, the motive behind the formation of these authorities proved to be a failure and as a result, these had to be reformed. For better maintenance of financial stability, FPC (Financial Policy Committee) was incorporated in the Bank of England. This reform was very essential because the previous authorities not effectively and internationally coor dinated macro-prudential activities and FPC collectively worked with authorities like the European Systematic Board for achieving this motive. A fresh subsidiary of Bank of England that is the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) was also formed by the UK regulatory system for macro-prudential management of firms. PRA also works for the better promotion of UKs voice by being liable for the management and control of every individual firm in UK. With GFRR (Global Financial Reporting Requirements), third parties can be advocated about the environmental effects of a company. Countries like UK adhere to such reporting despite several criticisms. GRI guidelines purposes to provide better information to stakeholders about the ethical attributes of a company, thereby resulting in the companys growth. It also aims in achieving a target audience together with a proper support in decentralization that confirms to the fact that it is very effective for future developments. UK regulatory system aims to enhance the financial markets of UK so that the public can be benefitted. The provisions of GFRR has developed the working environment of the regulatory system and provided various benefits to the firms. The guidelines in GRI have effectively proven to portray the opportunities for the companies. Although there is an absence of virtues in these guidelines, yet several companies from the whole world adhere to it. According to various stud ies, GFRR and sustainability reporting are not beneficial in the current scenario but the most accurate information can be provided with such sustainability reports that prove to very effective taking future expectations into consideration. If these reporting structures are not adopted, then companies will surely have to encounter various complexities in future. To get a clear-cut idea, two famous companies BP Plc and Next Plc has been selected. In fact, BP Plc considers international reporting guidelines that come from IPIECA and GRI that helps the company the sustainable performance and be connected to Global Impact of UN (BP Plc, 2015). BP uses the Global Reporting Initiative G3.1 rules in preparing the report in tune with a well-defined pair of indicators that encompasses the dimension of sustainable development. GRI enables a strong framework that helps an organization to report, as well as tracks their environmental and economic performance. The voluntary disclosure theme has provided BP Plc significant developments because the problem of the industry is well addressed through it (BP Plc, 2015). With reference to Next Plc, it can be observed that the company purposes to provide long-term returns to all its shareholders through combination of cash dividend payment and sustainable enhancement in earnings per share. The company has not ad opted GRI guidelines for financial reporting and instead it has adhered to the accounting manual and its prescribed reporting requirements. As a result, the company has witnessed fluctuations in the share prices in the past years. Such Global reporting requirements are very effective in enhancing the goodwill of a company as more information can be provided to the users of financial statements. Nevertheless, it must also be observed that in relation to emissions of greenhouse gas, the company has followed Environmental Reporting Guidelines including compulsory reporting guidance on such emissions and factors for conversion. This has enabled the company to maintain the stability of share prices in 2015. The company takes voluntary disclosure so that the trust in the public is maintained on a strong note (Volkswagen, 2015). Disclosures should provide a basis and add meaning to the information provided on the face of financial statements, and make the users understand the relevant area of attention in those statements (Brigham Daves, 2012). What should and should not be reported in the footnote statement is a relevant decision. Going as per the existing rules the disclosures should have limited information on the companys history, financial position, estimate, assumptions that are the part of financial statements (Northington, 2011). The information to be reported is subject to accounting standards and they are to be reported under the rules under those standards. The information to be reported should be precise and effective; also, the disclosures should include limited data on the contingencies, which are the predictions about future events, as they are not appropriate for the foot note disclosures (Fields, 2011). The company has voluntarily disclosed the emissions of greenhouse gases in its annual report. It has provided details on the increase in GHG emissions in comparison with 2014. For instance, in 2015, the total emissions from heat, electricity, cooling and combustion of fuel was 178,238 tons of Co2 while in 2014, it was 165,714 only. With this disclosure, the company aims to gain trust from the public and it assures to minimize energy consumption throughout its functioning. For this purpose, it adopts an operational control strategy that means it includes emissions from every part of its business that can be regulated and controlled by it. This voluntary disclosure has enabled the company to obtain a profit of 782 million in 2015 that is significantly more than 682million in 2014. It also voluntarily reports about certain disclosures regarding directors remuneration if in its opinion they are specified by law but not made. Furthermore, it also voluntar y discloses on matters when compliance with the IFRS requirements of the company is incomplete to enable users of financial statements understand about the impact of specific transactions, conditions and events on the financial performance and position of the company. Similarly, in the case of BP Plc, it can be seen that the company has voluntary disclosed many uncooperative activities adopted by it together with their negative results. With reference to these companies, the contrast between influence of GFRR and UKs regulatory system is critically analyzed. As the stakeholders of a company depend on relevant information for decision-making, the level of disclosures assist in providing a firm balance to companies. Companies must avoid disguising of information because it is regarded as an immoral activity. Therefore, it can concluded that companies must comply to the global financial reporting requirements and must provide an effective disclosure level in their reports so that it can lead to a better practice, thereby developing the standard level of companies. The decision to disclose the information is merely based on the fact that how relevant the information will be to the investors and other users. The relevance refers to the potential of such information to affect the opinion of the users on the future cash flows of the company. The company should also disclose relevant litigations and lawsuits pending against which could affect the financials of the company. As per Samaaha Dahaway (2010) the note of contingent liability is a good example on relevance of information since, the liability has need been created and still in the near future there exists probability of it affecting the financials of the company. This means that, while applying certain standard, the preparers should disclose all information as required by the standard, irrespective of its relevance to the users of the statements (Horngren, 2013). Thus, therefore few companies, which consider these footnotes as a part of the structure of statements, irrespective of they, are relevant or not, in all the cases these are reported along with other information. Sticking to this checklist of all the footnotes reduces the chances of auditors being questioned on their work, so they go for all-checklist when it comes to making a judgement. Therefore, it is reason why some prepares get comfort in using all or none checklist, instead of applying their judgement and making the decision on relevance of data. Disclosure strengthens the status of the company and ensures that the decision-making is safeguarded (Ibrahim, 2013). Depending on the structure of the company, information should be reported in the financial statements, notes to the financial statements or any other supplements to these statements. There are many lawsuits against the CPAs and their clients on the grounds of providing inadequate or misleading information in the financial report. The safe rule to abide by is, if you are in doubt then reports it. In addition, another rule states that if the policies are not consistent then, mentions such facts and their effect on the income of the company. It helps in bringing a level of clarity and provides a strong message to the users of the financial statements. It builds a level of trust and the interested parties can ascertain or predict the level of influence that the non- disclosure can do (Horngren, 2013). The disclosure of information by the way of footnote has accumulated ov er the years due to increase in regulations and standards. This has resulted in increased number of disclosures that has become cumbersome and has harmed the presentation of financial report. This has also raised question and affected the relevancy of certain data, resulting is erasing the usefulness of that data (Choi Meek, 2011). In order to be impartial, the information should be relatively complete so that the actual events and the conditions are reported. Completeness of the report refers to disclosure of all important facts and information such that they create understanding and do not mislead the users (Carol et. al, 2016). The companies sometimes conceal relevant data that would affect the investors decision. The disclosures in the financial reports are mainly guided the accounting standards. The rules laid in these standards give the auditors and their clients a limited power to exercise their own judgement on the relevancy and materiality of the data available. The accounting standards should be amended and reformed in such a manner that it gives the preparers of the financial report the authority and freedom to make judgement on the relevant information (Williams, 2012). These standards are the basis of preparation of financial reports and these should be drafted in the most comprehensive way possibl e. As per Brigham Ehrhardt (2011), disclosing more information is always a good thing, but if we go the pattern then we will find that any new disclosure required will not be any different from what we have currently. There are few proposals that require giving more information on the front page of the report, but this will result only in more words and less information. Disclaimers in the report serve their purpose the best if they are written in KISS format, which stands for Keep it Simple, Silly. Voluntary disclosures that are clear and precise just like in the statements above helps the investor understand relevant data and also regains the confidence they place in the preparers and the company. In short, disclosure tends to provide transparency and helps the investor in taking a correct stand that is not possible otherwise (Albrecht et. al, 2011). Moreover, the notes and other relevant details must be presented in a fair manner that helps the prospective parties to understand it with ease. Jargon and other high-flown languages must be avoided because it tends to disrupt the purpose of reporting (Brealey et. al, 2011). Therefore, we see that not just what is inside the footnote, but also how it is presented matters a lot while disclosing relevant data. The presentation needs to be done in a clear manner otherwise; the target audience might not be reached. Disclosures pattern is vital because it helps in focussing on the availability. If it s done properly it helps in better display and quality projecting of the information (Melville, 2013). The method of disclosure plays a very important role for everyone including the preparers, auditors, users and the company itself. Hence, it would be beneficial for the companies to provide additional voluntary disclosures within their financial statements (Spiceland et. al, 2011). Additional disclosures enhance the goodwill and the position of the company because it projects the duty and the role of the company. Once it is done, it strengthens the position of the company. References Albrecht, W., Stice, E. and Stice, J 2011, Financial accounting, Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Bence, D Nadine, F 2012, The International Accounting Standards Boards Search for a General Purpose Accounting Model, viewed 21 August 2016, https://business.curtin.edu.au/files/bence-fry.pdf. BP Plc 2014, BP Plc: Annual report and accounts 2014, viewed 3 July 2016, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bpcountry/de_de/PDFs/brochures/BP_Annual_Report_and_Form_20F_2014.pdf Brealey, R., Myers, S. and Allen, F 2011, Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Brigham, E. Daves, P 2012, Intermediate Financial Management , USA: Cengage Brigham, E.F. Ehrhardt, M.C 2011, Financial Management: Theory and Practice, USA: Cengage Learning. Carol, A.A, Brad, P, Prakash J. S, Jodi Y 2016, Exploring the implications of integrated reporting for social investment (disclosures), The British Accounting Review, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 283296 Choi, R.D. and Meek, G.K 2011, International accounting, Pearson . Davies, T. and Crawford, I 2012, Financial accounting, Harlow, England: Pearson. Deegan, C. M 2011, In Financial accounting theory, North Ryde, N.S.W: McGraw-Hill. Fields, E 2011, The essentials of finance and accounting for nonfinancial managers, New York: American Management Association. Graham, J. and Smart, S 2012, Introduction to corporate finance, Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Horngren, C 2013, Financial accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Ibrahim M, Sweiti Dr. Osama F Attayah 2013, Critical Factors Influencing Voluntary Disclosure: The Palestine Exchange PEX, Global Journal of Management and Business Research Finance, vol. 13 no. 6, pp. 9-15 Libby, R., Libby, P. and Short, D 2011,Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Mark A. C Michael J. P 2016, The timeliness of UK private company financial reporting: Regulatory and economic influences, The British Accounting Review, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 297315 Melville, A 2013, International Financial Reporting A Practical Guide, 4th edition, Pearson, Education Limited, UK Next Plc Ltd 2015, Next Plc Ltd. Annual Report and accounts 2015, viewed 24 August 2016, https://www.nextplc.co.uk/~/media/Files/N/Next-PLC-V2/documents/reports-and-presentations/2014/next-annual-report-2015-final-web.pdf Northington, S 2011, Finance, New York, NY: Ferguson's. Samaha, K. Dahaway, K 2010, Factory influencing corporate disclosure transparency, in the active share trading firms: An Explanatory study, Research in Emerging Economies, vol. 10, pp. 87-118. Spiceland, J., Thomas, W. and Herrmann, D 2011, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin,University Press. Williams, J 2012, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

The Japanese Culture of Ukiyo

Japanese culture is probably one of the most robust cultures of the entire history of human civilization. There are authorities that have surmised that this robust culture is among the greatest contributors to the way Japanese economy is seen. Japanese economy is among the most developed in the 21st economic dispensation and this has been attributed to the conservative culture that has described the Japanese historical lineage. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Japanese Culture of Ukiyo-e and Ikebana specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among these authorities are those who point to the fact that Japanese culture can be traced from as early as from the antediluvian times of the JÃ… mon period to the current times where it is considered to comprise of shades borrowed from the Asian, North American and European cultures. This culture is further considered eccentric from the way it can be observed that in its hist ory, there was some sort of isolation from the rest of its world during what was called the Tokugawa Shogunate straight to the times that are referred to as ‘The arrival of the Black Ships’ otherwise called the Meiji Period. This essay considers some of these authorities that have given incredible insights concerning the Japanese Culture and discusses their perceptions regarding the same. The book that is going to be considered for this write-up is J. Thomas Rimer’s and Van C. Gessel’s, The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Literature, Vol. 1: From Restoration to Occupation, which is an anthology that has different authorities talking about different areas of Japanese Culture and the way it has evolved over time. One of the authorities that I will consider first is Mori Ôgai, the author of The Dancing Girl, who was a Japanese translator, physician, poet and novelist of renowned reputation among his contemporaries. In his book, Mori greatly concen trates on the Meiji period where he wrote critiques that were based on the Karl von Hartmann aesthetic theories. He talks about a channel of Japanese culture that was reserved to the traditional ways of livelihood where the natives heavily dependent on the peculiarities of their culture such as language and artistic work. As an artistic literati, Mori in The Dancing Girl talks about artistic works that are peculiarly specified for the Japanese women that has differentiated them from women from other cultures. This, he achieves by using the girl in the story to who also posses as the main character to discuss his theme. Advertising Looking for report on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Two areas of the Japanese culture that Mori talks about is Ukiyo-e and Ikebana which are Japanese words that are common to the pre-Meiji artistic works of the Japanese people. Ukiyo-e is a collection of pictures of a ‘floating worldâ €™ which are used by the girl in his book to make her outstanding and unique among her contemporaries. The other area that he talks about is the arrangement of flowers which is another area that characterizes Japanese culture. So common is the use of Ikebana among the Japanese natives that it has remained an identity for their culture over time. Natsume Sà ´seki, in his article The Civilization of Modern-Day Japan’ ‘My Individualism’ majors on the history of the Japanese governance and human rights activism which is another area of Japanese livelihood that is of great interest to scholars interested in studying this great culture. He discusses the instances of revolts of ordinary people that struggled so much for the freedom of their state in some instances risking their lives. These are the tenets of the Japanese culture that according to him have made this culture such a wonder for many scholars that have been fascinated by its development and establis hment over time. Continued struggle for freedom through activism, human rights proponents and such advocates for human freedoms have greatly characterized Sà ´seki’s work. A term he uses to further this surmise is Nihonjinron which can loosely be translated to mean ‘theories about the Japanese People’ and does so by further discussing issues to do with Japanese sociology, linguistics, psychology and science; tenets that have all along characterized the Japanese Culture . In the same volume The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Literature, Vol. 1: From Restoration to Occupation, Kunikida Doppo talks about Japanese culture as regards its development in a material sense in his article dubbed, Meat and Potatoes. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Japanese Culture of Ukiyo-e and Ikebana specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He begins by first surmising that Japan is among the highest in the wh ole world in terms of the Rational-Secular Values when it comes to the way the natives express themselves with their possessions and artistic work. It is his contention that the Japanese culture is greatly predicated on the conservativeness of its foods, artistic work, among other identifiers he talks about. He further talks about Japanese culinary past where he talks about the robust and refined cuisine that has been with this culture from its inception in the early ages of their development. This culture in Doppo’s eyes is so eccentric that it has been taken up by Western cultures like in the US, Europe where dishes such as tempura, sushi and teriyaki are commonly prepared and enjoyed by these foreign locals. One of the reasons that he gives explaining the probable reason as to why these dishes are opted for by exotic people is the way the diet is associated with the longevity of the people of Japan both in their cultures and livelihoods. In addition to these areas of Jap anese culture that are discussed by these different authorities, anthology also talks about specific areas of the culture that are also just as important pointers to their uniqueness. One of these areas of interest is Japanese clothing. This is an area that is probably the most outstanding identifier that makes it so distinctive. From time immemorial, Japanese people have had distinctive clothing that are respective to both men and women separately and there are no garments that are shared by both sexes. Some of these native clothing are kimono, naga-gi which are special clothes that are worn by Japanese natives on special occasions. There are further peculiarities with this culture that may be considered complex and difficult for non-Japanese natives to distinguish. An example here is the Tomesode (which is a kimono that is worn by a woman who is married whereas Furisode is one that is worn by women who are not married. The difference between these garments is very slight; in fac t, Mori jokes about it by saying that ‘it is easier to differentiate mansion and a bungalow than it is to differentiate these Japanese garments’. In a word, The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Literature, Vol. 1: From Restoration to Occupation is a great collection of literary works by different authorities on Japanese culture and it is among the best anthologies that make the volume a great read. In addition to these sentiments, it is overtly clear in the volume of the central role that the Japanese culture plaid in the shaping of the livelihood of the people and the entire country’s developmental areas. Advertising Looking for report on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Viewed in another way, the Japanese society is one that can be considered a closely-knit unit that makes it fabric that has enviable moral code, robust economic culture and superb national heritage. It is in this view therefore that the said authors that have been discussed herein unanimously point to the fact that Japanese culture is one that stands out among the cultures of the East and Central Asia in their its eccentric moral fabric that is favourable for economic development. This report on The Japanese Culture of Ukiyo-e and Ikebana was written and submitted by user Karlee Parrish to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Looking back looking forward essays

Looking back looking forward essays The policies, acts and legislations aimed at inclusion or exclusion of First Nations have had an enormous impact on the development of Fist Nation organizations in Canada. The fact that the process of colonization and nation building did not included consultation with or respect for the culture, tradition, sovereign or organizations of First Nations drove this oppressed group to form political and non-political lobbying organizations. Prior to the arrival of European new comers, First Nations people had organized societies. These societies had law, tradition, culture, leadership and religion. Their concept of sovereignty was intangible, an inherent feeling of reverence of land, the mother from which life came and that that land should be preserved for future generations, as it had been since time immemorial. First Nations believe that they live with the land, not simply on it. The Federal Government and Aboriginal peoples understand the definition of Sovereignty differently, each t aking the understanding from two different directions. However, the most crucial issue in this paper is the treatment and understanding of the policies, acts and legislations that affects the plight of aboriginal peoples of Canada. Through this essay it is hoped an understanding of how the policies and treatment of these people lead to the desire for self-government and self-determination and development of Aboriginal political organizations. Comparison of settlements of government and aboriginal peoples across the country it might be better understood why certain policies, acts and treaties caused certain movements with in aboriginal regions and territories. The stages of growth of both government and aboriginal societies and nations took many turns with events of government attempting to assimilate these people into a European culture. Indian agents were introduced to the aboriginal communities in the early 1800s. Their mandate was to live in a...

Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment Quotes and Analysis

Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment Quotes and Analysis Russian author Fyodor Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment was originally published in 1866 as a series of monthly installments in the literary journal The Russian Messenger, but has since gone on to become one of the most influential works of literature of its time, riddled with numerous quotes ranging from a poor mans murderous thoughts to the guilt felt in the aftermath of a crime. The story focuses on Rodion Raskolnikovs moral dilemmas and mental suffering after he formulates and successfully plots to kill a pawnbroker to take her money, arguing that with the money he takes from her he can do good that would offset the crime he committed in murdering her. Like Frederich Nietzsches Ubermensch theory, Dostoevsky argues through his character that some people even have the right to perform such vigilante actions as murdering an unscrupulous pawnbroker for the greater good, arguing multiple times that murder is okay if done in the pursuit of the greater good.​ Quotes About Pity and Punishment With a title like Crime and Punishment one can correctly assume that Dostoevskys most famous work is riddled with quotations about the idea of punishment, but it can also be said that the author implored his punishers to have pity on the guilty and suffering the narrator must endure for committing his crime.   Why am I to be pitied, you say, Dostoevsky writes in Chapter Two, Yes! Theres nothing to pity me for! I ought to be crucified, crucified on a cross, not pitied! Crucify me, oh judge, crucify me but pity me? This question lends to the idea that there should be no pity given to the guilty - that it is not for a judge to pity the felon but to punish him appropriately - in this case, the speaker argues by crucifixion. But punishment does not only come in the form of a judge reaching a verdict and sentence for a criminal, it also comes in the form of a guilty conscience, wherein the morality of the criminal himself is pitted as the ultimate punishment. In Chapter 19 Dostoevsky writes, If he has a conscience he will suffer for his mistake; that will be  punishment - as  well as the prison. The only escape from this personal punishment, then, is to ask forgiveness of mankind and of God. As Dostoevsky writes at the end of the 30th chapter, Go at once, this very minute, stand at the cross-roads, bow down, first kiss the earth which you have defiled, and then bow down to all the world and say to all men aloud, I am a murderer! Then God will send you life again. Will you go, will you go? Quotes on Committing Crime and Acting on Impulses The act of committing murder, of taking another persons life, is discussed multiple times throughout the text, each time with the implication that the speaker cannot believe he is about to commit such a heinous act. From the very first chapter, Dostoevsky makes this point clear as a contention element of the protagonists life, writing Why am I going there now? Am I capable of that? Is that serious? It is not serious at all. Its simply a fantasy to amuse myself; a plaything! Yes, maybe it is a plaything. This is almost a justification for the speaker to act later on impulse, an excuse to give into his carnal desires, painting murder as a mere plaything. He argues this concept again, coming to terms with the reality of committing murder, in chapter five wherein he says can it be, can it be, that I shall really take an axe, that I shall strike her on the head, split her skull open...that I shall tread in the sticky warm blood, blood...with the axe...Good God, can it be?   Would the crime be worth the moral implications, or the known punishment for such an act? Would it defy the very idea of living a good life itself? Dostoevsky also answers these questions through a variety of quotes in the book Quotes on Life and the Will to Live Especially given the idea of committing the ultimate crime of taking someone elses life, the ideas of the will to live and living a good life come into play many times throughout Crime and Punishment. Even as early as chapter two, Dostoevsky discusses the possibility that mankind may have its ideals of a good life skewed, or at least that mankind is in and of itself skewed from a good reality. In Chapter Two, Dostoevsky writes What if man is not really a scoundrel, man in general, I mean, the whole race of mankind - then all the rest is prejudice, simply artificial terrors and there are no barriers and its all as it should be. However, in Chapter 13, when faced with the idea of being punished by being put to death, Dostoevsky visits an old adage of waiting for death for eternity being better than actually dying in a moment to observe the reality of a persons will to live: Where is it Ive read that someone condemned to death says or think, an hour before his death, that if he had to live on some high rock, on such a narrow ledge that hed only room to stand, and the ocean, everlasting darkness, everlasting solitude, everlasting tempest around him, if he had to remain standing on a square yard of space all his life, a thousand years, eternity, it were better to live so than to die at once! Only to live, to live and live! Life, whatever it may be! In the Epilogue too, Dostoevsky speaks of this hope, mans never-ceasing desire to continue breathing for at least one more day, saying of the two characters that they were both pale and thin; but those sick pale faces were bright with the dawn of a new future, of a full resurrection into a new life. They were renewed by love; the heart of each held infinite sources of life for the heart of the other.

Reflection paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflection - Research Paper Example I like this film because the director is able to find out an apt solution for the emotional problems faced by the high school students. Problems faced by teenagers/adolescents The teenagers/adolescents feel that that they are no more children. On the other side, elders are not ready to consider them as grown up individuals. This status between the worlds of children and elders is really frustrating for the teenagers/adolescents. So, the teenagers/adolescents in high schools are forced to form their own gangs or cliques. In the film, the children from the Shermer High School undergo detention and this change their lives. Barsanti (2010) stated that, â€Å"A cross-section of high schoolers spend Saturday detention testing each other’s limits, probing for weaknesses, categorizing, and defining† (p.49). The students are aware of the fact that they are from different groups and cliques. In the beginning, they refuse to share their personal matters. Gradually, they began to s hare their personal matters and the problems faced by them. In the film, the teenager named as Allison Reynolds reveals that she is compulsive liar. On the other side, John Bender is facing some adjustment problem at his home because homely matters disturb him a lot. In the end, all the children came to realize the fact that they face similar problems. Most of the parents consider that their children should obey them without any objection. One can see that the grass root level reason behind the faced by teenagers/adolescents is interconnected with their families. For instance, the high school children in the film face a number of problems in their families and this leads to further problems at the school. Their hatred towards their parents eventually leads them towards misbehavior and punishment. So, this film reveals that the elders must try to understand the fact that family problems can lead teenagers/adolescents to misbehavior at schools. Family circumstance and individual devel opment In my opinion, family circumstance can exert positive or negative influence on individual development. For instance, most of the troublemakers at schools are from broken families. When a child is not able to have enough emotional attachment at home, it will react in a different way. One can see that the most important factor behind the success of a family is unity or deep relationship among the members. If the elder members of a family fail to provide enough love and care to the youngsters, there exists high possibility for emotional problems. In the film, problems within the private circle leads the children towards further problems at their school. On the other side, their teachers are not ready to find out the reason behind their misbehavior. For instance, their teacher (Mr. Vernon) never tires to find out the reason behind their misconduct. If the teacher tries to talk with them, he can easily find out the problem and can help them to overcome the same. I consider that th e students must try to discuss their problems with their teachers. If students face some problem in their private circle, they can discuss the same with their teachers. In the film, peer group influence is strong among the students and they are not aware of the drawbacks of the same. So, the director makes use of the lives of high school children to reveal the relationship between family circumstan

Business Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Business Economics - Essay Example The manufacturers also are faced with a situation where they have to lower the supply of laptops and instead focus on the production of tablet computers. An example of tablet computers is the iPad. In the last one year, netbooks and laptops have been hit the hardest by the new consumer appetite. Due to this; netbook shipments declined by 53%, while desktop PC’s demand fell by 15.4%, over the same period. (Halliday, 2011) The process above can be explained economically using the demand and supply theory. Demand is simply the purchaser’s desire and ability to pay for a price of a given commodity. Supply and demand meet due to one thing- Supply. Thus, where a seller is offering to dispose a commodity at the level of price that a purchaser is ready to pay; then, the purchaser and the seller are at an agreement point known as market equilibrium. (Ball and Seidman, 2011 pp9, 10) Demand and supply concepts are basically the most primary concepts of the field of economics. It forms the core of a market economy like that of the U.K. Price serves as a reflection of the effects of demand and supply on the market. This relationship that exists between supply and demand is the one that drives resource allocation. To understand this concept further, and to be able to understand it in the context of laptops, the laws of demand as well as supply are going to be looked at. The demand law, simply states that, ceteris paribus, the higher a commodity’s price is, the less will the demand be for that commodity. That of supply states that, the higher the price of a commodity, the higher the supply of the same commodity will be. Therefore, the higher the levels of prices, the lesser the demanded quantity of a commodity. In the scenario of the study, it is the demand of laptops that declines due to an introduction of a new substitute product in the market. Due to this, the demand curve would shift leftwards to reflect a decline in laptop’s demand. Also, as the laptops

Outliers by Malcom Gladwell Essay Example for Free

Outliers by Malcom Gladwell Essay In Malcolm Gladwell’s The Outliers, his goal is to convince the reader that â€Å"people don’t rise from nothing† and that â€Å" we do owe something to parentage and patronage. † Although certain people’s success requires prerequisites of talent and knowledge. I agree with Gladwell that it is not solely because of these talents that these people are successful. However, their success most often is dependant on one’s past good fortune. For example, when or where one was born and raised, one’s cultural background and family legacies, one’s schooling, and many other factors, create opportunities for success where these talents can be utilized. Although some people are thought to have risen from nothing or to have gone from rags to riches, the fact is no one is capable of creating their own success without the help of others and good fortunes along the way. In this passage, a point that Gladwell points out is that success can be created by parentage and patronage, hidden advantages and opportunities, cultural backgrounds and family legacies. An example of the importance of one’s cultural backgrounds and family influence is the way we are raised. Our parents, as our first teachers have a big role in who will become in our lives; they teach us how to interact with other people, how to act in certain situations and how to present ourselves to others. The different religious and cultural backgrounds of our parents, and also the way our parents were raised have an enormous impact on the way our parents raise us. As a parent, the balancing of strictness, pressure, giving, loving, helping, and withholding, among other factors can be difficult, with the question being what balance is the best to raise a child. Because we are all raised in different ways everyone has different views on how to raise a child based on their knowledge of how they were raised. This proves that the way we are raised can make the difference in our success. An example of how parentage and patronage play a role in one’s success is sometimes evident in schooling. Everyday people acquire things they may not deserve because of their family and who they may know. A very common example of this is the use of legacies for admission into a university. Students use their parental legacies at schools all the time and depending on the school this can have an impact on the student’s admission to the school. Another strategy applicants use to help their admission into a school is to search for someone to write their recommendation letter that will have the most amount of influence on the admissions office. Another example of how â€Å"whom you know† can make the difference in one’s success is when looking for jobs. If your aunt, father, grandfather or friend owns or works at a successful business and they help you get a job, sometimes right out of college even if you aren’t as qualified as someone else who wants the job. This way, you are getting an opportunity that you wouldn’t have had otherwise that could make the difference of your success. Therefore, everyday instances like using legacies to get into college, inquiring jobs because of nepitism, or even getting moved up to an honors class because your mom called the school can create success for our futures. In this excerpt from Malcom Gladwell’s The Outliers, Gladwell makes the point that success requires help from others and good fortune to get ahead and become successful. I think whether we realize it or not we are always using advantages we have to get ahead in our own lives, in order to set us up for a more successful future.

The Lost Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othello essays

The Lost Iago in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In Shakespeare’s Othello the sinister nature of the ancient casts a pall of uneasiness over the narrative of the play. How can the evil influence of one character be so pervasive? Let us in this essay probe his character and find answers to our questions.    In â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello† Valerie Wayne exposes Iago’s inability to praise women when Desdemona asks him how he would do it:    Iago’s worry that he cannot do what Desdemona asks implies that his dispraise of women was candid and easily produced, while the praise requires labour and inspiration from a source beyond himself. His insufficiency is more surprising because elsewhere in the play Iago appears as a master rhetorician, but as Bloch explains, ‘the misogynistic writer uses rhetoric as a means of renouncing it, and, by extension, woman.’ (163)    First of all, Iago’s very words paint him for what he is. Robert Di Yanni in â€Å"Character Revealed Through Dialogue† states that the evil antagonist reveals his character quite plainly through his speech:    Iago’s language reveals his coarseness; he crudely reduces sexual love to animal copulation. It also shows his ability to make things happen: he has infuriated Brabantio. The remainder of the scene shows the consequences of his speech, its power to inspire action. Iago is thus revealed as both an instigator and a man of crude sensibilities. (123)    And looking within Iago for the cause can yield the answer that the ancient is psychologically sick. In Shakespeare’s Four Giants Blanche Coles comments on the mental illness that appears to afflict the despicable Iago:    When such old time critics as H. N. Hudson, who wrote ne... ...o: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wayne, Valerie. â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello.† The Matter of Difference: Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare. Ed Valerie Wayne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.

Development Of Greek Philosophy

Greek Philosophy emerged because of the following thinkers: Thales, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Parmenides, Socrates, Plato, and last but not least, Aristotle (Bennagen, 2000). This paper entitled, â€Å"Development of Greek Philosophy† intends to describe the thinkers involved, key schools, as well as their ideas. First stop is Thales, who emerged in 610 to 546 BC (Bennagen, 2000). He is said to be the first philosopher because of the fact that he motivated people to think that the world in all made up of water (Bennagen, 2000).Second is Pythagoras, who came about in 582 to 507 BC (Bennagen, 2000). For Pythagoras, number is the most essential thing in life (Bennagen, 2000). It was him who established the relationship between angles and sides of the right triangle which he later technically referred to as the Pythagorean Theorem (Bennagen, 2000). Third is Heraclitus, who presented itself from 535 to 475 BC (Bennagen, 2000). For him, everything continuously changes and that stabili ty does not exist (Bennagen, 2000). True enough because even those stable things, as they appear to be, are not (Bennagen, 2000).Examples include neutrons, electrons, and quarks (Bennagen, 2000). Fourth is Parmenides, who made himself known from 610 to 547 BC (Bennagen, 2000). He was the founder of the school known as â€Å"Eleatics† (Bennagen, 2000). For him, change is unreal, it is merely an illusion (Bennagen, 2000). In addition to that, for him, reality or â€Å"being† is everlasting, fixed, and undivided (Bennagen, 2000). He warns us that we should not always trust our senses when it comes to what reality is (Bennagen, 2000). Fifth is Socrates, who emerged in 469 to 399 BC (Bennagen, 2000).Socrates focused on the health of the soul and thus, he motivated people to look further into ethics or morality instead of nature as the first four philosophers were deeply interested in (Bennagen, 2000). Sixth is Plato (427 to 347 BC) who believes that reality is divided into two the perfect and imperfect (Bennagen, 2000). He also presented his ideal state and ideal leader to show his definition of reality (Bennagen, 2000). Last but not least is Aristotle who went to study things further using his senses, consequently discovering science itself (Bennagen, 2000). Reference Bennagen, P. (2000). Social, Economic, and Political Thought. Quezon City: UPOU.

Principles of Communication in Adult Social Care Settings Essay

1.Identify the different reasons why people communicate (1.1.1) People communicate in many different ways often to share information, emotions, thoughts and feelings. People also communicate to learn by asking for information and instructions such as how to do a certain task or asking someone for directions. People will often share emotion through communication like how they are feeling at the time or telling them about a recent life event. People communicate about thoughts and suggestions. Communication can be used to share reassurance and to understand and to be understood. People make, build and sustain relationships through communication. People share knowledge and receive knowledge through communication. 2.Explain how communication affects relationships in an adult social care setting (1.1.2) Communication can build, sustain and effect relationships in an adult social care setting. Communication can develop relationships and build confidence with adults in social care settings. It can be used to give advice, help, information and instructions to help individuals, staff and family members. Communication is used to benefit relationships and maintain safety and consistency. 3.Compare ways to establish the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of an individual (2.2.1) Communication can be established specifically for an individual by directly talking with that individual. Receiving clear and correct information from that individual. Information is sometimes available for certain individuals on how to communicate with them. For instance someone who was hard of hearing may want you to communicate slowly and clearly for that individual to be able to lip read what you are saying or by sign language, communication through the hands. Individuals that are in a care setting would have care notes and support plans which would have detailed information on how to communicate with that person. Communication can be gained by an individual’s body language, people study other people’s body language and can gain information about how that particular individual is feeling, their specific needs and any help that individual may require. Some individuals may not be able to give communication clearly and verbally so may only communicate using their body, stance and posture. You can gain information about an individual’s needs, wishes and preferences through colleagues, key people and people who know the individual best. 4.Describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication (2.2.2) Factors to consider when promoting effective communication are dependent on situation, individual and circumstances. When promoting effective communication you should always consider clear, correct and relative communication. Individual circumstances should always be taken into consideration also, am I communicating in the right tone of voice? Am I communicating in a way that the person I’m communicating with will understand? Am I communicating in the correct method? There are many factors to consider when promoting effective communication. Like not communicating in the same way to an adult as you would a child. Communicating in a more simple way so that the certain individual would understand, and not feel that you are communicating in a way that may come across as negative or derogatory. Communicating in a quieter tone of voice if communicating about a personal or sympathetic situation. 5.Describe a range of communication methods and styles to meet individual needs (2.2.3) Communication methods that can differ depending on individual needs are age. Am I talking to an adult or a child? You would communicate with a child in a different way to what you would an adult. If you spoke to an adult in the same way you did a child then that adult may feel like you are being disrespectful to them. Does the person I’m talking to have specific needs? Do they have learning difficulties? If they did you may have to talk in a slower and clearer manor to help them understand and to make sure they can take on all the information. Are they hard of hearing? Possibly talking louder and slowly? Talking directly to their face so the individual could read your lips, possibly using hands to sign or pointing to relative objects to help communication. Can the individual communicate verbally at all? If not then you may have to read their body language to gain a certain level of communication. The individual maybe making noise? Does the noise sound happy or distressful? Some individuals who cannot communicate verbally through speaking may make noise to signal to another person if they are upset or happy. If the person was laughing, high pitched or chuckling this would appear that the individual was happy whereas if the individual was making groaning, low and stressful noises this would appear that the individual is unhappy or agitated. Individuals who can’t use talking to communicate may be able to use pictures to communicate. They may be able to use a range of pictures to show emotions, feelings and needs. They may show a picture of food to signal they are hungry or a face to show the emotion or how they are feeling. 6.Explain why it is important to respond to an individual’s reactions when communicating (2.2.4) It is important to gauge an individual’s reactions at all times when communicating. This can be done by a person’s facial expressions. Does the individual seem shocked, upset or angry to what has been communicated? Does communication need to be done in a softer tone of voice or in a way that is more reassuring to that individual? Is the subject or matter that is being communicated about upsetting or making the individual unhappy? Possibly a change of subject might be more beneficial to the individuals mood or feelings. Does the individual appear confused? This maybe because the correct method of communication is not being used or isn’t in a way that the individual understands. Communication would break down if response wasn’t being met to an individual’s reactions. If communicating in a certain way kept making an individual upset or angry then that individual would simply stop communicating or become even angrier or upset which would break down relationships and communication. An individual who appeared to be in a low or sad mood may react well to reassurance, sympathy or a compliment. Whereas negative communication would only worsen that individuals mood and again would break down communication and relations. Reaction is key to when we are communicating. 7.Explain how individuals from different backgrounds may use, or interpret communication methods in different ways (3.3.1) Indivduals from different backgrounds will use many different ways of communicating. An individual from a background of gangs may use slang and hand gestures as a way of communicating. To another individual from the same background this would be fine but for an individual from a entirely different background this may come across as rude and/or abrupt. Individuals may not talk/communicate in the same way to their friends as they would their boss or a work colleague. For example talking to a child you would use simple communication methods. If you were to use simple ways of communication with an adult this may come across as disrespectful and be taken the wrong way. Communicating with a loved one would be understanding, loving and respectful however if you adopted this same communication method with a member of the public or someone that you weren’t familiar with may seem quite odd and strange. 8.Identify barriers to effective communication (3.3.2) Barriers to effective communication may be the use of jargon, unfamiliar or over complicated terms and emotional barriers. Lack of attention and interest can often be a barrier of communication also. Physical disabilities can also be a barrier when communicating such as hearing problems or speech difficulties. Sometimes language barriers or a difference in accents can pose as a barrier of communication. Expectations can lead to false assumptions or stereotyping which may then become a barrier to communication. Cultural differences can sometimes become a barrier when communicating. Different cultures have many different ways of communicating as do cultures have many varied ways of showing emotions and feelings. 9.Explain how to overcome barriers to communication (3.3.3) Overcoming barriers in communication requires assessing the barriers that need overcoming. Communication should always be in a clear and easy to understand form. Clear and simple terms should always be promoted when communicating. Use of slang and words that are dependent on an individual’s background should be avoided. Concentration should always be with whom you are communicating with, communication that is not concentrated on can often be confused or misunderstood. Different opinions and views should always be respected when communicating also. Not respecting people’s views an opinions will be a major barrier to communication and one that won’t be overcome until all views are understood and respected. 10.Describe strategies that can be used to clarify misunderstandings (3.3.4) Misunderstandings can often arise whilst communicating. Sometimes the message needs to be said or prevailed in a different way. Perhaps the tone needs to change, or the messages style. The language you have used may need to be simplified. Maybe a phone conversation has been unsatisfactory in some way, but a face to face meeting would help to establish better communication. It may be necessary to change the situation and or environment. Maybe a noisy environment has caused misunderstanding maybe somewhere quieter would establish better communication. In certain circumstances it is ok to ask if you have been understood, or to relay communication to certify that you have understood the message that is being communicated. Sometimes when communicating by phone people will ask one and other â€Å"Can you hear me ok?† this will often prevent misunderstandings before they occur by establishing that both parties can communicate clearly. Allowing time for communication can also clarify misunderstandings. Much communication is done whilst we are busy or engaging in other things. To make sure communication has been received and understood it should be allowed time and concentration. Sometimes it is important to take responsibility for a misunderstanding and say you are sorry. An apology can help to restore confidence and allow for the relationship to continue building on a firmer foundation. 11.Explain how to access extra support or services to enable individuals to communicate effectively (3.3.5) Support is available via local authorities and services, such as the NHS and adult social services departments. Help is also available from national charities, such the National Autistic Society for those with autism. These can be accessed by phone or internet. Services such as Makaton are also available; Makaton is a system that uses signs and symbols alongside speech to help people with learning and/or communication difficulties to communicate. Makaton is taught to individuals with learning and/or communication difficulties as an effective way of communication. Speech and language therapists often known as SLT’s can often assess speech and communication difficulties in people of all ages. SLT’s can mainly be accessed through an individual’s GP. 12.Explain the meaning of the term ‘confidentiality’ (4.4.1) Confidentiality is a requirement to keep personal information private and only share it with people who need to know. Information that is spoken, written and electronically kept about individuals maybe needed to be kept confidential and only shared with certain people. 13.Describe ways to maintain confidentiality in day-to-day communication (4.4.2) Confidentially can be maintained on a day to day basis by only speaking about certain information with certain people. For example an individual’s information may be spoken with to a GP or family member. Confidentiality can also be maintained by making sure access to electronic information is only accessible by certain people. A way to maintain this is by keeping computer passwords safe and computers locked and only sharing passwords with people who should be allowed to see this information. Sharing confidential information should always be done in a private environment where the information will not be overheard or interrupted. Records such as personal notes, reports and letters should always be kept in a safe locked place and keys should never be left unattended. Confidential matters are generally not talked about over the telephone unless the person can be positively identified. Confidential information should never be left in an answerphone message as this is left in an un safe way which is easy for the wrong person to hear. 14.Describe the potential tension between maintaining an individual’s confidentiality and disclosing concerns to agreed others (4.4.3) Sometimes information that is asked to be or normally confidential needs to be shared with others when there is a concern for that persons welfare and/or safety this can cause tension because the information may have been shared trustingly and have been requested not to be shared but it has to be disclosed because there is a risk to that person’s safety. 15.Explain how and when to seek advice about confidentiality (4.4.4) You can seek advice from your manager about confidentiality. You would do this when you are unsure about anything to do with confidentiality for example if you thought someone was talking to the wrong people about confidential matters that should not be being discussed or weather you were unsure that talking to someone about a certain situation would break an individual’s confidentiality. Read more:  Describe Strategies to Clarify Misunderstandings

Biography of William Morris, Arts and Crafts Pioneer

Biography of William Morris, Arts and Crafts Pioneer William Morris (March 24, 1834–Oct. 3, 1896) was an artist, designer, poet, craftsman, and political writer who had a major impact on the fashions and ideologies of Victorian Britain and the English Arts and Crafts Movement. He also had a profound influence on building design, but hes better known today for his textile designs, which have been repurposed as wallpaper and wrapping paper. Fast Facts: William Morris Known For: Leader of Arts and Crafts MovementBorn: March 24, 1834 in Walthamstow, EnglandParents: William Morris Sr., Emma Shelton MorrisDied: Oct. 3, 1896 in Hammersmith, EnglandEducation: Marlborough and Exeter collegesPublished Works: The Defence of Guenevere and Other Poems, The Life and Death of Jason, The Earthly ParadiseSpouse: Jane Burden MorrisChildren: Jenny Morris, May MorrisNotable Quote: If you want a golden rule that will fit everything, this is it: Have nothing in your houses that you do not know to be useful or believe to be beautiful. Early Life William Morris was born on March 24, 1834, in Walthamstow, England. He was the third child of William Morris Sr. and Emma Shelton Morris, though his two older siblings died in infancy, leaving him the eldest. Eight survived into adulthood. William Sr. was a successful senior partner at brokers firm. He enjoyed an idyllic childhood in the countryside, playing with his siblings, reading books, writing, and showing an early interest in nature and storytelling.  His love of the natural world would have a growing influence on his later work. At an early age he was attracted to all the trappings of the medieval period. At 4 he began reading Sir Walter Scotts  Waverley  novels, which he finished by the time he was 9. His father gave him a pony and a miniature suit of armor and, dressed as a tiny knight, he went off on long quests into the nearby forest. College Morris attended Marlborough and Exeter colleges, where he met painter Edward Burne-Jones and poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti, forming a group known as the Brotherhood, or the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. They shared a love of poetry, the Middle Ages, and Gothic architecture, and they read the works of philosopher John Ruskin. They also developed an interest in the Gothic Revival architectural style. This wasnt entirely an academic or social brotherhood; they were inspired by Ruskins writings. The Industrial Revolution that began in Britain had turned the country into something unrecognizable to the young men. Ruskin wrote about societys ills in books such as The Seven Lamps of Architecture and The Stones of Venice. The group discussed Ruskins themes about the impacts of industrialization: how machines dehumanize, how industrialization ruins the environment, and how mass production creates shoddy, unnatural objects. The group believed that the artistry and honesty in handcrafted materials were missing in British machine-made goods. They longed for an earlier time. Painting Visits to the continent spent touring cathedrals and museums solidified Morris love of medieval art. Rossetti persuaded him to give up architecture for painting, and they joined a band of friends decorating the walls of the Oxford Union with scenes from the  Arthurian legend  based on  Le Morte dArthur  by 15th century English writer  Sir Thomas Malory. Morris also wrote much poetry during this time. For a painting of Guinevere, he used as his model Jane Burden, the daughter of an Oxford groom. They married in 1859. Architecture and Design After receiving his degree in 1856, Morris took a job in the Oxford office of G.E. Street, a Gothic Revivalist architect. That year he financed the first 12 monthly issues of  The Oxford and Cambridge Magazine, where a number of his poems were printed. Two years later, many of these poems were reprinted in his first published work  The Defence of Guenevere and Other Poems. Morris commissioned Philip Webb, an architect he had met in Street’s office, to build a home for him and his wife. It was called the  Red House because it was to be built of red brick instead of the more fashionable stucco. They lived there from 1860 to 1865. The house, a grand yet simple structure, exemplified the Arts and Crafts philosophy inside and out, with craftsman-like workmanship and traditional, unornamented design. Other notable interiors by Morris include the 1866 Armoury and Tapestry Room at St. James Palace and the 1867 Green Dining Room at the Victoria and Albert Museum. Fine Art Workmen As Morris and his friends were furnishing and decorating the house, they decided to start an association of â€Å"fine art workmen,† which in April 1861 became the firm of  Morris, Marshall, Faulkner Co. Other members of the firm were painter  Ford Madox Brown, Rossetti, Webb, and Burne-Jones. The group of like-minded artists and craftsmen responding to the shoddy practices of Victorian manufacturing became highly fashionable and much in demand, profoundly influencing interior decoration throughout the Victorian period. At the International Exhibition of 1862, the group exhibited stained glass, furniture, and embroideries, leading to commissions to decorate several new churches. The pinnacle  of the firm’s decorative work was a series of stained-glass windows designed by Burne-Jones for Jesus College Chapel, Cambridge, with the ceiling painted by Morris and Webb. Morris designed many other windows, for domestic and  ecclesiastical  use, as well as tapestries, wallpaper, fabrics, and furniture. Other Pursuits He hadnt given up on poetry. Morris first fame as a poet came with the romantic narrative  The Life and Death of Jason  (1867), followed by  The Earthly Paradise  (1868-1870), a series of narrative poems based on classical and medieval sources. In 1875, Morris assumed total control of the fine art workmen company, which was renamed Morris Co. It remained in business until 1940, its longevity a testament to the success of Morris’ designs. By 1877, Morris and Webb had also established the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB), a historic preservation organization. Morris explained its purposes in the SPAB Manifesto: to put Protection in the place of Restoration...to treat our ancient buildings as monuments of a bygone art. One of the most exquisite tapestries produced by Morris company was The Woodpecker, designed entirely by Morris. The tapestry, woven by William Knight and William Sleath, was shown at the Arts and Crafts Society Exhibition in 1888. Other patterns by Morris include Tulip and Willow Pattern, 1873, and Acanthus Pattern, 1879–81. Later in his life, Morris poured his energies into political writing. He was initially against the aggressive foreign policy of Conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, supporting Liberal Party leader William Gladstone. However, Morris became disillusioned after the 1880 election. He began writing for the Socialist Party and participated in socialist demonstrations. Death Morris and his wife were happiest together during the first 10 years of their marriage, but since a divorce was inconceivable at the time, they lived together until his death. Exhausted by his many activities, Morris bean to feel his energy waning. A voyage to Norway in the summer of 1896 failed to revive him, and he died shortly after returning home, in Hammersmith, England, on Oct. 3, 1896. He was buried under a simple gravestone designed by Webb. Legacy Morris is now regarded as a modern visionary thinker, though he turned from what he called â€Å"the dull squalor of civilization† to historical romance,  myth, and epic. Following Ruskin, Morris defined beauty in art as the result of man’s pleasure in his work. To Morris, art included the whole man-made  environment. In his own time he  was best known as the author of  The Earthly Paradise  and for his designs for wallpapers, textiles, and carpets. Since the mid-20th century, Morris has been celebrated as a designer and craftsman. Future generations may esteem him more as a social and moral critic, a pioneer of the society of equality. Sources Morris, William. The Collected Works of William Morris: Volume 5. The Earthly Paradise: a Poem (Part 3). Paperback, Adamant Media Corporation, November 28, 2000.Morris, William. The Defence of Guenevere and Other Poems. Kindle Edition, Amazon Digital Services LLC, May 11, 2012.Ruskin, John. The Seven Lamps of Architecture. Kindle Edition, Amazon Digital Services LLC, April 18, 2011.Ruskin, John. The Stones of Venice. J. G. Links, Kindle Edition, Neeland Media LLC, July 1, 2004.William Morris: British Artist and Author. Encyclopedia Britannica.William Morris Biography. Thefamouspeople.com.About William Morris.The William Morris Society.William Morris: A Brief Biography. Victorianweb.org.

Belonging

These essential components of belonging are portrayed through the poems of Peter Skrzynecki and another additional text the film Invictus directed by Clint Eastwood about the uniting of South Africa through the efforts of Nelson Mandella. Feeling a sense of connectedness Wether this be on a physical,social,spiritual or emotional level to something or someone allows for an individual to feel a sense of gratitude and self belief. To a certain extent the groups we belong to define who we are, and an individuals perceptions are the resulting outcome of belonging. The acceptance and kinship being in association with groups may bring one would say belonging would impact ones life positively. Although he opposing side of belonging is not belonging and is as a problem many people in the world face today. This alienation may leave individuals feeling detached and isolated from all things surrounding them. There are many reasons why one may not belong these may include race,religion,culture,attitudes and beliefs as well as many others. This separation felt may severely impact an individuals life in a negative direction. The poems by Australian poet Peter Skrzynecki illustrate many examples of kinship and detachment. Many of the poems in the book Immigrant Chronicle by Skrzyecki explain his problems with feeling like an outsider stuck in limbo between his Polish culture passed down by his parents and his new Australian culture that he was exposed to everyday. In the poem â€Å"Felix Skrzynecki† Skrzynecki states â€Å"I forgot my first Polish word† this line illustrates Skrzyneckis lack of interest in his Polish Culture as he feels he doesnt belong. In the poem â€Å"Felix Skrzynecki† Skrzynecki uses alliteration in the second stanza to suggest peace and tranquillity, as his father holds his garden in high regard and Skrzynecki feels this is the only place where is father truly belongs. This allows for responders to learn that one may feel attached to something other than other people or groups. In this poem Skrzynecki also illustrates his fathers exclusion from the rest of Australia by the line â€Å"did your father ever attempt to learn English† this line shows Felix isolation as he cannot speak the language of the country he lives in. Although in stanza one the lines â€Å"Kept pace only with the Joneses Of his own minds making† suggest that Felix was not bothered by values or lifestyle choices that he did not believe in. This poem and other Skrzynecki poems further knowledge involving belonging and not belonging as they provide primary sources that identify multiple examples of the issue. Destruction,analyses and in depth essays of the poems allowed for a deeper understanding of belonging to be gained. The Film Invictus by Clint Eastwood. The story is based on the novel Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandella and the game that Made a Nation. The film tells the story of Nelson Mandella in his first term as South African President, and the initiation of the venture to abolish the apartheid and unite the nation through the 1995 Rugby World Cup. The film illustrates many examples of not belonging due racism and prejudice behaviours shown by white south Africa. The film allows for racism to be viewed as one of the demanding reasons for isolation. Although later in the film an attitude shift is imminent and relationships are bridged between â€Å"black and white South Africans due to the efforts of Mandella. The film illustrates how film techniques such as camera shots,angles and music are used to create a sense of detachment at the start of the film but also show the uniting of South Africa in the end of the film. Invictus enhances knowledge of the issue belonging as it shows many examples not belonging at the start of the film, but with a shift in attitudes reveals many signs of belonging shown towards the end of the film. Due to the complex and abstract nature of the concept of belonging, a true sense of belonging can be found in different circumstances for different people. A sense of belonging or not belonging is thought about by every person in the world today, its what many people strive for everyday although some may never find it,whilst others have always had it. Analysis of a range of texts including the Peter Skrzynecki poems and the film Invictus delve deeply into the many different circumstances that individuals may wish to belong in. Ultimately to belong will always be something people feel they need to fulfil their needs,although a sense of belonging will vary to different people. | |

Law of Tort College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law of Tort College - Essay Example The production process is interrupted and all the materials in process are damaged beyond repair. In addition, because there is no water supply for 24 hours Brian loses the opportunity to carry out several more processes and loses the profits that these would have generated. An analysis of the facts of the case presents certain ambiguous legal issues within the premise of both common law as well as the law of torts. In the first situation, the issue is whether Derek's statement to Alan about the efficacy of the van, and the consequent economic loss to Brian, imposes a liability in tort on Derek and/or Alan. In the second situation, the issue is whether Brian can claim economic damages for the losses he has suffered in terms of equipment and material damage and by way of profit loss due to operations shut down resulting from Donald's negligent action. The first situation --Brian v. Derek/Alan - relating to Brian's purchase of van prima facie pertains to area of 'pure' economic loss due to negligent misstatement, resulting in tortious liability under common law.1 The second situation --Brian v. ... A. Brian v. Derek/Alan - Negligent Misstatement Resulting in Economic Loss The common law imposes liability in tort upon persons who make misstatements to others; however, only if the misstatement is made fraudulently or negligently, when there is a duty to take care. Also, the claimant/the person to whom the misstatement has been made must have sustained a loss (which may be physical or financial or both) as a result of reliance upon the misstatement. Thus, liability in the tort of negligent misstatement is generally defined in terms of the common law premises of duty, breach and damage,3 however, a "special treatment" is usually given considering the complexity and since tortious liability in this area is a relatively recent development.4 The case in question presents considerable issues in facts and in law, an analysis of which in relation may be vital in advising Brian. The primary issues for consideration include: Whether mistakes were fraudulent or arising out of negligence Whether Derek owes a duty of care to Brian for a report he made to Alan Whether the plaintiff sustained loss, economic or physical Whether Alan has a vicarious or personal liability in relation to Derek's misstatement and/or in passing the report to Brian Any defence, legal or factual, which may be claimed by Derek/Alan against Brian As the facts of the case reveal, there is no apparent evidence of fraud -- Derek cannot be said to have any interest in Alan or Brian purchasing a van that has been advertised in the local newspaper. The mistakes in the report are mainly due to negligence; however, relying on that Brian, a third party had sustained financial loss,

LSTD206 Capstone Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LSTD206 Capstone Paper - Essay Example This informs the basis of the establishment of sound client-relations policies, which do not only serve as the basis of informing how a firm relates with its clients, but also as a marketing tool for the firm, since good client experience is a recipe for increased customer base for a firm (Brink & Berndt, 2008). Therefore, this discussion seeks to establish the client-relations policies that a legal firm should establish to enhance its client relationship as well as its marketing, communication, advertising, confidentiality and conflict of interest handling. This discussion is important for a legal firm, since it creates insights into the relevant strategies that such firms should apply to enhance a productive relationship with the clients, and thus be able to maintain a secured client base, in the face of the ever increasing competition. Discussion Client reception is the core of productive client-relations policies formulation, considering that it is the reception that clients get when they first visit a firm that determines their first impression of the firm, and the consequent future interactions with the firm (Silk, 2012). This being the case, it is therefore significant to ensure that the receptionists and the customer relationship officers within a firm follows certain guidelines that enhances a positive and productive relationship with the client, which enable the firm to project a positive image to the clients, and thus attract them for further visits and interactions. Thus, courtesy and helpfulness is the basis of the customer relationship policy, where the receptionists and the customer relationship officers address the clients with respect and integrity, while offering the essential help that a client could require (Knackstedt, 2008). While being courteous, respectful and helpful serves to enable the client feel comfortable within the firm and feel valued and appreciated as a stakeholder to the firm, it plays the vital role of enticing the customer to make repeat visits. Thus, courteousness, helpfulness and respectfulness serves both as a client recognition and appreciation strategies, as well as firm marketing strategies that encourages further business. Confidentiality is paramount in the legal relationship business, considering that the relationship between a client and a legal firm entails the discussion of sensitive personal, business or family matters, which should not be introduced to the public domain (Nollkamper, 2008). Thus, a confidentiality policy is vital within a legal firm, to ensure that the relationship between a client and the firm, and the issues discussed between them remains between the two parties, and can only be disclosed whenever it is necessary, may be in a court of law. Through implementing the confidentiality policy, a firm is able to ensure that the customer feels comfortable while dealing with the firm, through the knowledge that the personal and confidential information shared with the firm will remain as such, without any risk of unnecessary exposure (Silk, 2012). Client communications and legal advice is yet another aspect that requires that a policy guideline is established to safeguard the relationship. The policy applicable under this concept

Joan of Arc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Joan of Arc - Research Paper Example They again felt that they would be able to hold on to the sovereignty of their nation and have their own king on the throne. Joan of Arc lived her life according to what she felt was the dictate of God. What she did was based on the visions that she had when she was a child living in a village of France. Her rise to power in France was thus meteoric. Her death however, was equally tragic. A gruesome death at the hands of the English Church was hardly what she deserved after the pains that she took for the sake of her motherland, France. Following her death, her memory was recovered and she has now entered into public consciousness through literature and various other sources. This paper shall seek to understand her position as a woman in the fifteenth century and attempt to answer the question as to whether this position affected the different choices that Joan of Arc took. Joan of Arc’s entry into French politics is looked upon with great surprise by many who are familiar wit h the condition that women found themselves during the fifteenth century in France and for that matter, anywhere in the world. This is not a pointer to the immense clout that Joan of Arc wielded at this point, right at the beginning of her career, but to the condition that France found herself in. ... She however, looked at the situation where the Count of Dunois had led France to and sought to reverse it. The siege of Orleans had started to look like a hopeless affair as far as the French were concerned. The siege which had continued for over seven months had started to look ominous from the French point of view. This condition was changed to a large extent with the point where Joan of Arc enters the history of the Hundred Years War. Her journey to meet the Dauphin was the catalyst behind the revival of the French hopes as far as the continuance of their resistance was concerned (Pernoud 1999, 9-11)1. This journey was an uncommon one for any woman to undertake and this was the beginning of her breaking various stereotypes that are often assigned to women. This was a breaking of a barrier of customs that did not have such a precedent. Joan of Arc thus set an example for those who were to follow her, providing them with an example of initiative. In the twenty first century, there a re many women who are lauded for their political initiative and courage. One needs to remember that Joan of Arc’s actions were taken in a conservative society where women were given much less freedom than they are in today’s society. This makes her achievement all the more praiseworthy. Calling her the â€Å"Ideal Androgyne†, Marina Warner talks of Joan’s transvestism2 (1981, 140). Wearing clothes that were traditionally worn by men was something that Joan had to resort to so as to protect herself from sexual advances by male soldiers of both camps. This points to the condition that women had to face in society at the point of time when Joan was active. The importance of this lies in the fact that even a person who was powerful in the larger 1. Pernoud

Atomic model

Atomic model History of the Atomic Model The atomic model is not a concrete, one-hundred percent accurate depiction of the atom or description of what the atom is like. We cant base our model on actual observations of atoms, because they are too small to be seen with our most sensitive instruments. Instead, we must come up with a model of an atom that can account for and explain observations that we can actually see. As new observations are made over time, by scientists Democritus, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr, the model of the atom has evolved over time. Democritus is credited with coming up with the term atom in 400 BC. He wanted to know what would happen if you kept breaking down something into smaller and smaller pieces. Could you keep breaking it down into smaller and smaller pieces? Democritus determined that if you kept breaking down the object, you would get it to a size that could no longer be broken. This was called the indivisible piece by the Greeks. In Greek, â€Å"atomos† meant indivisible. Thus, the indivisible piece became termed â€Å"the atom† for short (CompSoc). In the late 1700s, multiple scientists studied reactions and conducted controlled experiments, leading to new ideas that set the foundation for the development of more accurate atomic theories and models In the early 1800s, John Dalton, an observer of weather and discoverer verify of the Law of Conservation of Mass among other things, was one of those scientists who performed controlled experiments and came up with a different atomic theory. He proved that matter cannot be created or destroyed by ordinary chemical or physical reactions and devised a conjecture in an attempt to explain how and why elements would combine with one another in fixed ratios and sometimes also in multiples of those ratios. He noted that oxygen and carbon combined to make two compounds. He discovered that for the same amount of carbon, one had exactly twice as much oxygen as the other (De Leon, N). This led him to propose the Law of Multiple Proportions, which states that when two or more elements form more than one compound, the ratio of the weights of one element that combine with a given weight of another element in the different compounds is a ratio of small whole numbers. For example, C and O can form b oth CO and CO2. The Law of Multiple Proportions can be regarded as an extension of the early Law of Definite Proportions, which states that the proportions by weight of the elements present in any pure compound are always the same. For example, NaCl will always be 39.3 percent Sodium and 60.! Percent Chlorine. His atomic theory, stated that elements consisted of tiny particles called atoms. He said that the reason an element is pure is because all atoms of an element were identical and that in particular they had the same mass. He also said that the reason elements differed from one another was that atoms of each element were different from one another; in particular, they had different masses (De Leon, N). This finding, however, was later proved wrong by further studies that demonstrated how atoms of the same element could differ: atoms could be either isotopes or ions. He also said that compounds consisted of atoms of different elements combined together in whole number ratios. Compounds are pure substances because the atoms of different elements are bonded to one another somehow, perhaps by hooks, and are not easily separated from one another. In fact, he stated that atoms cannot be subdivided, created or destroyed. Later experiments however, also proved this finding wrong in that nucle ar reactions can split an atom. Compounds have constant composition because they contain a fixed ratio of atoms and each atom has its own characteristic weight, thus fixing the weight ratio of one element to the other. In addition he said that chemical reactions involved the combination, separation and rearrangement of combinations of those atoms (Doblecki). In other words, Daltons model was that the atoms were tiny, indivisible, indestructible particles and that each one had a certain mass, size, and chemical behavior that was determined by what kind of element they were Dalton did not convince everyone right away, however. Although a number of chemists were quickly convinced of the truth of the theory, JJ Thomson believed otherwise. In 1897, he accidentally discovered the electron through a series of experiments designed to study the nature of electric discharge in a high-vacuum cathode-ray tube—an area being investigated by numerous scientists at the time. Thomson had an inkling that the ‘rays emitted from the electron gun were inseparable from the latent charge, and decided to try and prove this by using a magnetic field. His first experiment was to build a cathode ray tube with a metal cylinder on the end. This cylinder had two slits in it, leading to electrometers, which could measure small electric charges. He found that by applying a magnetic field across the tube, there was no activity recorded by the electrometers and so the charge had been bent away by the magnet. This proved that the negative charge and the ray were inseparable and intertwined (Encyclopedia Britannica) He did not stop there, and developed a second stage to the experiment, to prove that the rays carried a negative charge. To prove this hypothesis, he attempted to deflect them with an electric field. Earlier experiments had failed to back this up, but Thomson thought that the vacuum in the tube was not good enough, and found ways to greatly improve the quality. For this, he constructed a slightly different cathode ray tube, with a fluorescent coating at one end and a near perfect vacuum. Halfway down the tube were two electric plates, producing a positive anode and a negative cathode, which he hoped would deflect the rays. As he expected, the rays were deflected by the electric charge, proving beyond doubt that the rays were made up of charged particles carrying a negative charge (Doblecki). He discovered the electron! In his third experiment, he used scientific deduction by performing a series of interconnected experiments, gradually accumulating data and proving a hypothesis. He decided to try to work out the nature of the particles. They were too small to have their mass or charge calculated directly, but he attempted to deduce this from how much the particles were bent by electrical currents, of varying strengths. Thomson found out that the mass to charge ratio was so high that the particles either carried a huge charge, or were a thousand time smaller than a hydrogen ion. He decided upon the latter and came up with the idea that the cathode rays were made of particles that emanated from with the atoms themselves. Thomson took the idea of the atom and tried to incorporate the evidence for the electron. In the diagram on the right, the electrons are the small things and the rest of the stuff is some positive matter. This is commonly called the plum pudding model because the electrons are like things in positive pudding. The plums were negative because cathode rays deflected towards the positive end. The pudding was defined by Thomson as the empty space that surrounded electrons because the overall charge of the atom had to be neutral, so he deductively reasoned that this space had to be positive In 1911, Ernest Rutherford, under the theory that atoms are uniform in structure, said â€Å"hey, I think I will shoot some stuff at atoms.† So he did. He fired radioactive particles through minutely thin metal foils (notably gold) and detected them using screens coated with zinc sulfide (a scintillator). He thought to himself, â€Å"If you shoot these positive alpha particles at this positive pudding atom, they should mostly bounce off, right?† Well, that is not what happened. Although some of them did bounce back, Rutherford found that most of the alpha particles— one in eight-thousand— went right through the foil (Chemical Heritage Foundation). He said, â€Å"It was as if you fired a 15 inch artillery shell at a piece of tissue paper and it bounced back and hit you†. His experiment became famously known as the gold foil experiment. How could that be if the plumb pudding model was correct? Rutherfords experiment prompted a change in the atomic mod el. After two years of contemplating the results of his experiment, he came up with a new atomic theory. His atomic theory described the atom as having a densely packed central positive nucleus surrounded by negative orbiting electrons (Chemical Heritage Foundation). He concluded that the center repelled the electrons. This model suggested that most of the mass of the atom was contained in the small nucleus, and that the rest of the atom was mostly empty space (Doblecki). Niels Bohr proposed yet another atomic model in 1915, which was a simplified picture of an atom known as the Bohr Model that stemmed from previous studies by Max Planck and Albert Einstein. Max Planck presented a theoretical explanation of the spectrum of radiation emitted by an object that glows when heated. He argued that the walls of a glowing solid could be imagined to contain a series of resonators that oscillated at different frequencies. These resonators gain energy in the form of heat from the walls of the object and lose energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation (Doblecki). The energy of these resonators at any moment is proportional to the frequency with which they oscillate . Albert Einstein extended Plancks work to the light that had been emitted. Einstein suggested that light behaved as if it was a stream of small bundles, or packets, of energy (MacTutor). In other words, light was quantized, or countable Bohr then took Plancks and Einsteins findings on energy and developed an atomic theory that is similar to quantum mechanics, the correct theory of the atom, but is much simpler. In the Bohr Model the neutrons and protons, symbolized by red and blue balls, occupy a dense central region called the nucleus, and the electrons orbit the nucleus much like planets orbiting the Sun. He found that electrons travel in stationary orbits defined by their angular momentum. This led to the calculation of possible energy levels for these orbits and the postulation that the emission of light occurs when an electron moves into a lower energy orbit (MacTutor). Calculations based on Bohrs model determined that the shapes of the orbitals of the electrons vary according to the energy state of the electron. Bohr discovered that different electrons have different energies. The lowest energy state is generally termed the ground state. The states with successively more energy than the ground state are called the first excited state, the second excited state, and so on. Then, when an electron moves back to its normal energy level, it releases electromagnetic energy Finally, we have reached the electron cloud model, which the current atomic model used today in scientific, educational and research settings. The electron cloud model is a model of the atom where the electrons are no longer depicted as particles moving around the nucleus in a fixed manner, like in the Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr models. Instead, the electron cloud model does not illustrate exactly where electrons are—their probable location can only be described as around the nucleus only as an arbitrary cloud (Science Encyclopedia). The nucleus contains both protons and neutrons, while the electrons float about outside of the nucleus. Within the nucleus, the probability of finding an electrons is .00, but within the electron cloud there is a high probability of finding electrons As I stated earlier, however, the atomic model is not a concrete, one-hundred percent accurate depiction of the atom or description of what the atom is like. We cannot base our model on actual observations of atoms, because they are too small to be seen even with our most sensitive instruments. Thus, this current atomic model is most likely to change in the future, as technology advances and scientists continue in-depth research and experimentation. Most likely, students papers a few years from now will need to be twelve pages instead of six to outline the history of the ever-changing atomic model.